绪论··············································································································· 1第一节 草产品加工与贮藏的概念与意义 ························································ 1一、草产品加工与贮藏的概念 ································································ 1二、草产品加工与贮藏的意义 ································································ 1三、本课程的性质和任务 ······································································ 2第二节 草产品加工与贮藏的发展概况 ··························································· 3一、牧草刈割与田间快速干燥技术 ·························································· 4二、草捆加工技术 ··············································································· 4三、干草粉加工技术 ············································································ 4四、牧草成型加工技术 ········································································· 4五、青贮加工技术 ··············································································· 5六、草产品深加工技术 ········································································· 5七、饲草产品质量监测技术 ··································································· 5第三节 牧草饲料的分类 ············································································· 6一、牧草饲料分类 ··············································································· 6二、习惯性分类法 ··············································································· 7三、国际饲料分类法 ············································································ 7四、国内饲料分类法 ············································································ 8思考题 ····································································································11参考文献 ·································································································11第一章 牧草及饲料作物原料收获技术 ································································12第一节 牧草及饲料作物适时收获的意义 ·······················································12一、适时收获是生产优质饲草饲料的基本前提 ··········································12二、适时收获是提高单位面积土地生产能力的有效途径 ······························12三、适时收获可以显著提高饲草饲料的饲料报酬 ·······································13四、适时刈割是维持草地生产力和维护草地健康的有效途径 ························13第二节 饲草原料收获的原理 ······································································13一、以单位面积内可收获的总消化养分（TDN）最高为基本标准 ··················13二、有利于牧草的再生 ········································································14三、有利于多年生或二年生牧草及饲料作物的安全越冬 ······························14四、天然草地以草群中优势种的最适刈割方式为准 ····································14五、根据不同的利用目的，确定适时刈割期 ·············································15第三节 常用饲草及饲料作物的适时收获技术 ·················································15一、牧草的收获期 ··············································································15二、饲料作物的适时收获 ·····································································23第四节 饲草原料机械化收获技术 ································································25一、牧草收获机械 ··············································································25二、饲用玉米收获机械 ········································································27三、块根块茎类饲料作物收获机械 ·························································28第五节 牧草及饲料作物原料适时收获的注意事项 ···········································29思考题 ····································································································30参考文献 ·································································································30第二章 青贮饲料调制技术 ···············································································31第一节 青贮饲料调制意义 ·········································································31一、青贮概念 ····················································································31二、青贮饲料调制的意义 ·····································································31第二节 青贮饲料调制原理 ·········································································34一、青贮原理 ····················································································34二、青贮发酵的基本过程 ·····································································35三、青贮发酵中的微生物 ·····································································36四、青贮发酵过程的养分变化 ·······························································41第三节 青贮饲料调制技术 ·········································································43一、青贮发酵的关键因素 ·····································································43二、青贮容器 ····················································································44三、青贮添加剂 ·················································································48四、青贮调制方法 ··············································································52五、青贮饲料质量 ··············································································61第四节 青贮饲料管理 ···············································································64一、青贮饲料的管理 ···········································································64二、青贮饲料的饲喂 ···········································································67思考题 ····································································································68参考文献 ·································································································68第三章 干草加工与贮藏技术 ············································································70第一节 概述 ···························································································70一、干草调制的目的意义 ·····································································70二、干草的种类 ·················································································72三、干草的营养特征 ···········································································75四、干草的消化率 ··············································································77五、干草调制原理 ··············································································77六、影响干草品质的主要因素 ·······························································77七、国内外干草产业发展进程及现状 ······················································78第二节 干草的调制技术 ············································································81一、干草调制过程中的成分变化 ····························································81二、干燥调制过程中的损失 ··································································83三、干草调制原则 ··············································································85四、干草调制工艺流程 ········································································85第三节 青干草收获储运技术 ···································································· 104一、天然青干草特性介绍 ··································································· 104二、天然青干草收获 ········································································· 105三、仓储 ························································································ 106四、运输 ························································································ 107第四节 干草贮藏技术 ············································································· 107一、干草含水量判定 ········································································· 107二、干草贮藏技术 ············································································ 108第五节 干草的利用 ················································································ 110一、牛的干草利用 ············································································ 111二、羊的干草利用 ············································································ 111三、马的干草利用 ············································································ 112四、鹅的干草利用 ············································································ 112五、兔的干草利用 ············································································ 113六、猪的干草利用 ············································································ 113七、鸡的干草利用 ············································································ 114思考题 ·································································································· 114参考文献 ······························································································· 114第四章 成型草产品加工与贮藏技术 ································································· 115第一节 成型草产品在牧业生产中的意义 ····················································· 115一、便于贮藏、包装、运输，减少营养损失 ··········································· 115二、提高畜禽适口性，增加采食量 ······················································· 116三、便于动物消化吸收，提高饲料利用率 ·············································· 116四、消毒杀菌，减少疾病发生 ····························································· 116五、扩大饲料种类和来源 ··································································· 116六、提高工作效率和经济效益 ····························································· 117第二节 成型草产品加工与贮藏原理 ··························································· 117一、成型草产品的种类 ······································································ 117二、成型草产品加工原理 ··································································· 119三、成型草产品贮藏原理 ··································································· 122第三节 成型草产品加工技术 ···································································· 123一、颗粒饲料的加工 ········································································· 123二、干草块（饼）的加工 ··································································· 133三、饲料舔砖 ·················································································· 137四、膨化饲料 ·················································································· 137第四节 成型草产品贮藏技术 ···································································· 140一、安全贮藏的水分 ········································································· 140二、安全贮藏的方法 ········································································· 140三、贮藏期间的管理 ········································································· 140思考题 ·································································································· 141参考文献 ······························································································· 141第五章 饲草型全混合日粮加工与贮藏技术 ························································ 143第一节 饲草型全混合日粮在畜牧业生产中的意义 ········································· 143一、饲草型全混合日粮的概述 ····························································· 143二、饲草型全混合日粮的特点 ····························································· 144三、饲草型全混合日粮在畜牧业生产中的意义 ········································ 145第二节 饲草型全混合日粮加工原理 ··························································· 147一、组合效应的概念和类型 ································································ 147二、组合效应的衡量指标 ··································································· 148第三节 饲草型全混合日粮加工工艺 ··························································· 149一、饲草型全混合日粮技术要点 ·························································· 149二、饲草型全混合日粮技术工艺 ·························································· 151三、饲草型全混日粮配套设备 ····························································· 151四、饲草型全混日粮的效果评价 ·························································· 153第四节 新型全混合日粮加工技术 ······························································ 154一、饲草型发酵全混合日粮 ································································ 154二、饲草型全混合日粮颗粒饲料 ·························································· 156思考题 ·································································································· 156参考文献 ······························································································· 157第六章 草产品精深加工与贮藏技术 ································································· 158第一节 草产品精深加工概述 ···································································· 158一、草产品精深加工的意义 ································································ 158二、草产品精深加工原理 ··································································· 159第二节 草产品精深加工与贮藏技术 ··························································· 164一、食用草产品加工与贮藏技术 ·························································· 164二、能源草产品加工与贮藏技术 ·························································· 176三、工艺草产品加工与贮藏技术 ·························································· 178四、工业草产品加工与贮藏技术 ·························································· 180五、药用草产品加与贮藏工技术 ·························································· 189思考题 ·································································································· 194参考文献 ······························································································· 194第七章 农作物秸秆饲料化技术 ······································································· 197第一节 农作物秸秆饲料化加工意义 ··························································· 197一、农作物秸秆资源丰富 ··································································· 197二、秸秆饲料化可以促进草食畜牧业的发展 ··········································· 198三、秸秆饲料化的社会意义 ································································ 200第二节 农作物秸秆饲料化加工原理 ··························································· 201一、农作物秸秆化学组成 ··································································· 201二、农作物秸秆木质纤维素 ································································ 202三、农作物秸秆饲料化加工原理 ·························································· 205第三节 农作物秸秆饲料化加工技术 ··························································· 208一、秸秆饲料物理加工技术 ································································ 208二、秸秆饲料化学加工技术 ································································ 210三、秸秆饲料物理化学加工技术 ·························································· 211四、秸秆饲料生物加工技术 ································································ 212第四节 农作物秸秆饲料贮藏技术 ······························································ 214一、秸秆饲料干贮 ············································································ 214二、秸秆饲料湿贮 ············································································ 216思考题 ·································································································· 217参考文献 ······························································································· 217第八章 木本植物资源饲料化技术 ···································································· 219第一节 木本植物资源饲料化加工意义 ························································ 219一、木本植物饲料的概念及营养价值 ···················································· 219二、木本饲料的分类 ········································································· 220三、木本植物资源饲料化加工意义 ······················································· 221第二节 木本植物资源饲料化加工原理 ························································ 223一、木本植物饲料的限制因素 ····························································· 223二、加工利用对木本植物饲料的作用 ···················································· 225第三节 木本资源饲料化加工技术 ······························································ 226一、灌木饲料的加工利用 ··································································· 226二、树叶的加工利用 ········································································· 230三、锯末的加工利用 ········································································· 237第四节 木本饲料贮藏技术 ······································································· 238一、常规贮藏 ·················································································· 238二、低温贮藏 ·················································································· 238三、气调贮藏 ·················································································· 238四、缺氧贮藏 ·················································································· 238五、双低贮藏 ·················································································· 239六、真空贮藏 ·················································································· 239七、辐照贮藏 ·················································································· 239八、减压技术 ·················································································· 239思考题 ·································································································· 239参考文献 ······························································································· 239第九章 青绿多汁饲料资源饲料化技术 ······························································ 241第一节 青绿多汁饲料资源饲料化加工的意义 ··············································· 241一、青绿多汁饲料适口性好、易消化 ···················································· 241二、扩大饲料来源 ············································································ 241第二节 青绿多汁饲料的种类 ···································································· 242一、青绿饲料 ·················································································· 242二、多汁饲料 ·················································································· 242第三节 青绿多汁饲料资源饲料化加工原理 ·················································· 242一、物理加工 ·················································································· 242二、青贮及生物发酵 ········································································· 243三、叶蛋白质饲料 ············································································ 244第四节 青绿多汁饲料资源饲料化加工技术 ·················································· 246一、块根饲料的加工利用 ··································································· 246二、块茎饲料的加工利用 ··································································· 247三、叶菜瓜果类饲料的加工利用 ·························································· 248四、水生植物饲料的加工利用 ····························································· 252五、果渣饲料的加工利用 ··································································· 253第五节 青绿多汁饲料贮藏技术 ································································· 255一、青绿多汁饲料采收后的生理活动 ···················································· 255二、块根、块茎饲料的贮藏 ································································ 256三、青绿饲料的贮藏 ········································································· 258思考题 ·································································································· 259参考文献 ······························································································· 259第十章 低毒牧草资源饲料化技术 ···································································· 261第一节 低毒牧草饲料化加工意义 ······························································ 261第二节 低毒牧草饲料化加工原理 ······························································ 262一、牧草中毒素的来源 ······································································ 262二、牧草中有毒有害物质及毒性原理 ···················································· 263三、影响饲草料毒物含量的因素 ·························································· 266四、低毒牧草脱毒原理 ······································································ 267第二节 低毒牧草去毒加工技术 ································································· 268一、草木樨 ····················································································· 268二、沙打旺 ····················································································· 269三、疯草 ························································································ 270四、小冠花 ····················································································· 272五、山黧豆 ····················································································· 272六、羽扁豆 ····················································································· 273七、三叶草 ····················································································· 274八、苜蓿 ························································································ 274九、紫茎泽兰 ·················································································· 275十、银合欢 ····················································································· 277十一、马铃薯 ·················································································· 278十二、含亚硝酸盐的青绿饲料 ····························································· 278十三、含氰苷的青绿牧草 ··································································· 280思考题 ·································································································· 281参考文献 ······························································································· 282第十一章 食品工业副产品饲料化技术 ······························································ 283第一节 食品工业副产品饲料化加工的意义 ·················································· 283一、我国饲料资源开发现状 ································································ 283二、食品工业副产品饲料化的意义 ······················································· 284第二节 食品工业副产品饲料化加工原理 ····················································· 284一、植物油料副产品饲料化加工原理 ···················································· 285二、粮食加工副产品饲料化加工原理 ···················································· 287三、糟渣类副产品饲料化加工原理 ······················································· 288第三节 食品工业副产品饲料化加工技术 ····················································· 292一、植物油料副产品饲料化加工技术 ···················································· 292二、粮食加工副产品饲料化加工技术 ···················································· 294三、糟渣类副产品饲料化加工技术 ······················································· 297第四节 食品工业副产品饲料产品贮藏技术 ·················································· 298一、植物油料副产品饲料贮藏技术 ······················································· 298二、粮食加工副产品饲料贮藏技术 ······················································· 299三、糟渣类副产品饲料贮藏技术 ·························································· 300思考题 ·································································································· 301参考文献 ······························································································· 301第十二章 东北区草产品加工 ·········································································· 304第一节 东北区饲草生产特点 ···································································· 304一、地理区域和地貌特点 ··································································· 304二、自然气候条件 ············································································ 304三、主要饲草种类 ············································································ 305第二节 东北区草产品加工贮藏适用技术 ····················································· 310一、干草加工贮藏技术 ······································································ 310二、青贮加工贮藏技术 ······································································ 313三、草粉与草颗粒的贮藏技术 ····························································· 317第三节 东北区草产品产业化生产策略 ························································ 318一、东北区草产品产业化的机遇与风险 ················································· 318二、东北区草产品产业化生产策略 ······················································· 320思考题 ·································································································· 322参考文献 ······························································································· 322第十三章 华北地区草产品加工 ······································································· 324第一节 干旱、半干旱地区草产品加工 ························································ 324一、干旱、半干旱地区饲草生产特点 ···················································· 324二、干旱、半干旱地区草产品加工适用技术 ··········································· 327三、干旱、半干旱地区草产品贮藏适用技术 ··········································· 331四、干旱、半干旱区草产品产业化生产策略 ··········································· 333第二节 湿润（黄淮海）区草产品加工 ························································ 334一、湿润（黄淮海）区气候和饲草生产特点 ··········································· 334二、湿润（黄淮海）区草产品加工适用技术 ··········································· 335三、湿润（黄淮海）区草产品产业化生产策略 ········································ 345四、发展策略 ·················································································· 346思考题 ·································································································· 347参考文献 ······························································································· 347第十四章 西北区草产品加工 ·········································································· 349第一节 西北区饲草生产特点 ···································································· 349一、西北地区气候水热条件的特点 ······················································· 349二、西北地区土地资源 ······································································ 350三、西北地区草产品生产 ··································································· 352第二节 西北区草产品加工与贮藏技术 ························································ 353一、西北区草产品加工技术 ································································ 353二、西北区草产品贮藏适用技术 ·························································· 358第三节 西北区草产品产业化生产策略 ························································ 361一、西北区草产品产业发展面临的问题 ················································· 361二、西北区草产品产业化的必要性 ······················································· 362三、西北地区草产品产业化现状 ·························································· 363四、产业化发展对策 ········································································· 366思考题 ·································································································· 369参考文献 ······························································································· 369第十五章 青藏高原区草产品加工 ···································································· 371第一节 概况 ························································································· 371一、青藏高原区饲草生产概况 ····························································· 371二、青藏高原牧区饲草生产特点 ·························································· 372三、青藏高原农区饲草生产特点 ·························································· 372四、青藏高原主要饲草作物种类 ·························································· 372第二节 青藏高原区草产品加工技术 ··························································· 374一、青藏高原区牧草青干草调制技术 ···················································· 374二、青藏高原区农作物秸秆和牧草混合青贮技术 ····································· 374第三节 青藏高原区草产品贮藏适用技术 ····················································· 376一、干草制作草粉及草颗粒贮藏适用技术 ·············································· 376二、袋装青贮适用技术 ······································································ 376三、燕麦青干草、青贮调制技术 ·························································· 377第四节 青藏高原区草产品产业化生产策略 ·················································· 378一、建植人工草地、改善种植结构 ······················································· 378二、建立和完善饲草生产加工体系 ······················································· 378三、加大科技投入 ············································································ 378四、提高牧草饲料生产的组织化程度 ···················································· 378思考题 ·································································································· 379参考文献 ······························································································· 379第十六章 南方草产品加工 ············································································· 380第一节 南方饲草生产特点 ······································································· 380一、南方饲草资源丰富，开发利用潜力大 ·············································· 380二、南方牧草生长周期长，单位面积生产力高 ········································ 381三、南方草地生物量较高，但天然牧草质量较差，饲草料综合利用率低 ······· 382四、南方草地分布较零散，草地分布区的社会经济条件差 ························· 382第二节 南方主要栽培牧草 ······································································· 383第三节 南方草产品加工适用技术 ······························································ 384一、干草加工 ·················································································· 385二、草捆加工 ·················································································· 387三、草粉加工 ·················································································· 388四、草颗粒加工 ··············································································· 388五、草块加工 ·················································································· 389六、青贮 ························································································ 390第四节 南方草产品贮藏适用技术 ······························································ 393一、干草贮藏 ·················································································· 394二、草捆贮藏 ·················································································· 396三、草粉贮藏 ·················································································· 396四、草颗粒、草块贮藏 ······································································ 397五、青贮贮藏 ·················································································· 397第五节 南方草产品产业化生产策略 ··························································· 398一、重视发展草业经济 ······································································ 398二、保障牧草数量和质量是发展种草养畜产业的核心 ······························ 399三、大力推进饲草规模化和集约化种植，提高种草效益，发展青贮饲料产业 ··· 399四、加强饲草科技队伍建设，研发高效生产技术 ····································· 400五、多种途径支持种草养畜业，保障其持续健康发展 ······························· 401思考题 ·································································································· 402参考文献 ······························································································· 402植物拉丁文名对照表······················································································· 405