Introduction
14 Soils and Fertilizers
　14.1 Introduction
　14.2 History
　14.3 Pedogenesis
　　14.3.1 Weathering and Alteration of Minerals and Clays Formation
　　14.3.2 Incorporation of Organic Matter
　　14.3.3 Mass Transfer between Horizons
　　　14.3.3.1 Descending Processes
　　　14.3.3.2 Ascending Processes
　14.4 Soil Morphology
　　14.4.1 Major Horizons
　　14.4.2 Transitional Horizons
　　14.4.3 Subdivisions of Master Horizons
　14.5 Soil Properties
　　14.5.1 Horizon Boundaries
　　14.5.2 Coloration of Soils
　　14.5.2 Soil Texture
　　14.5.4 Soil Structure
　　14.5.5 Consistency
　　14.5.6 Roots
　　14.5.7 Acidity (pH) and Effervescence
　14.6 Soil Taxonomy
　　14.6.1 USDA Classification of Soils
　　14.6.2 FAO Classification of Soils
　　14.6.3 French Classification of Soils
　　14.6.4 ASTM Civil Engineering Classification of Soils
　14.7 Soil Identification
　14.8 ISO andASTM Standards
　14.9 Physical Properties of Common Soils
　14.10 Fertilizers
　　14.10.1 Nitrogen Fertilizers
　　14.10.2 Phosphorus Fertilizers
　　14.10.3 Potassium Fertilizers
　　14.10.4 Role of Micronutrientsin Soils
　14.11 Further Reading
15 Cements, Concrete, Building Stones and Construction Materials
　15.1 Introduction
　　15.1.1 Nonhydraulic Cements
　15.2 Portland Cement
　　15.2.1 History
　　15.2.2 Raw Materials for Portland Cement
　　15.2.3 Processing of Portland Cement
　　15.2.4 Portland Cement Chemistry
　　15.2.5 Portland Cement Nomenclature
　15.3 Aggregates
　　15.3.1 Coarse Aggregates
　　15.3.2 Fine Aggregates
　15.4 MineralAdmixtures
　15.5 Mortars and Concrete
　　15.5.1 Definitions
　　15.5.2 Degradation Processes
　15.6 Ceramics for Construction
　15.7 Building Stones
　　15.7.1 Limestones and Dolomites
　　15.7.2 Sandstones
　　15.7.3 Basalt
　　15.7.4 Granite
　15.8 Further Reading
16 Timbers and Woods
　16.1 General Description
　16.2 Properties of Woods
　　16.2.1 Moisture Content
　　16.2.2 Specific Gravity and Density
　　16.2.3 Drying and Shrinkage
　　16.2.4 Mechanical Properties
　　16.2.5 Thermal Properties
　　16.2.6 Electrical Properties
　　16.2.7 Heating Values and Flammability
　　16.2.8 Durability and Decay Resistance
　16.3 Properties of Hardwoods and Softwoods
　16.4 Applications
　16.5 Wood Performance in Various Corrosives
　16.6 Further Reading
17 Fuels, Propellants and Explosives
　17.1 Introduction and Classification
　17.2 Combustion Characteristics
　　17.2.1 Enthalpy of Combustion
　　　17.2.1.1 Stoichiometric Combustion Ratios
　　　17.2.1.2 Low (Net) and High (Gross) Heating Values
　　　17.2.1.3 Air Excess
　　　17.2.1.4 Dulong's Equations and Other Practical Equations
　　　17.2.1.5 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
　　　17.2.1.6 Wobbe Index for Gaseous Fuels
　17.3 Solid Fuels: Coals and Cokes
　17.4 Liquid Fuels
　17.5 Gaseous Fuels
　17.6 Prices of Common Fuels
　17.7 Propellants
　　17.7.1 Liquid Propellants
　　　17.7.1.1 Petroleum-based Propellants
　　　17.7.1.2 Cryogenic Propellants
　　　17.7.1.3 Hypergolic Propellants
　　17.7.2 Solid Propellants
　17.8 Explosives
　17.9 Further Reading
　　17.9.1 Fuels and Combustion
　　17.9.2 Propellants and Explosives
18 Composite Materials
　18.1 Definitions
　18.2 Properties of Composites
　　18.2.1 Density
　　18.2.2 Tensile Strength and Elastic Moduli
　　18.2.3 Specific Heat Capacity.
　　18.2.4 Thermal Conductivity
　　18.2.5 Thermal Expansion Coefficient
　18.3 Fabrication Processes for Monofilaments
　18.4 Reipforcement Materials
　　18.4.1 Glass Fibers
　　18.4.2 Boron Fibers
　　18.4.3 Carbon Fibers
　　18.4.4 Polyethylene Fibers
　　18.4.5 Polyaramide Fibers
　　18.4.6 Ceramic Oxide Fibers
　　18.4.7 Silicon Carbide Fibers
　18.5 Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)
　18.6 Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)
　18.7 Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)
　18.8 Carbon-Carbon Composites (CCs)
　18.9 Further Reading
Index