前辅文
 1 INTRODUCTION， MEASUREMENT，ESTIMATING
  1-1 The Nature of Science
  1-2 Models， Theories， and Laws
  1-3 Measurement and Uncertainty；Significant Figures
  1-4 Units， Standards， and the SI System
  1-5 Converting Units
  1-6 Order of Magnitude：Rapid Estimating
  1-7 Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 2 DESCRIBINGMOTION：KINEMA-TICS IN ONE DIMENSION
  2-1 Reference Frames and Displacement
  2-2 Average Velocity
  2-3 Instantaneous Velocity
  2-4 Acceleration
  2-5 Motion at Constant Acceleration
  2-6 Solving Problems
  2-7 Falling Objects
  2-8 Use of Calculus； Variable Acceleration
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 3 KINEMATICS IN Two DIMENSIONS； VECTORS
  3-1 Vectors and Scalars
  3-2 Addition of Vectors一Graphical Methods
  3-3 Subtraction of Vectors， and Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
  3-4 Adding Vectors by Components
  3-5 Unit Vectors
  3-6 Vector Kinematics
  3-7 Projectile Motion
  3-8 Solving Problems involving Projectile Motion
  3-9 Uniform Circular Motion
  3-10 Relative Velocity
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 4 DYNAMICS：NEWTON'sLAwS OF MOTION
  4-1 Force
  4-2 Newton's First Law of Motion
  4-3 Mass
  4-4 Newton's Second Law of Motion
  4-5 Newton's Third Law of Motion
  4-6 Weight一the Force of Gravity； and the Normal Force
  4-7 Solving Problems with Newton's Laws：Free-BodyDiagrams
  4-8 Problem Solving A General Approach
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 5 FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON'S LAWS
  5-1 Applications of Newton's Laws Involving Friction
  5-2 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
  5-3 Highway Curves， Banked and Unbanked
  5-4 Nonuniform Circular Motion
  5-5 Velocity-Dependent Forces；Terminal Velocity
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 6 GRAVITATION AND NEWTON's SYNTHESIS
  6-1 Newton'sLaw of Universal Gravitation
  6-2 Satellites and“Weightlessness”
  6-3 Kepler's Laws and Newton's Synthesis
  6-4 Gravitational Field
  6-5 Types of Forces in Nature
  6-6 Gravitational Versus Inertial Mass；the Principle of Equivalence
  6-7 Gravitation as Curvature of Space；BlackHoles
  QUESTIONS
 7 WORK AND ENERGY
  7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force
  7-2 Scalar Product of Two Vectors
  7-3 Work Done by a Varying Force
  7-4 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Principle
  7-5 Kinetic Energy at Very High Speed
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 8 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
  8-1 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
  8-2 Potential Energy
  8-3 Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation
  8-4 Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy
  8-5 The Law of Conservation of Energy
  8-6 Energy Conservation with Diss ipative Forces：Solving Problems
  8-7 Gravitational Potential Energy and Escape Velocity
  8-8 Power
  8-9 Potential Energy Diagrams； Stable and Unstable Equilibrium
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 9 LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS
  9-1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force
  9-2 Conservation of Momentum
  9-3 Collisions and Impulse
  9-4 Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Collisions
  9-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
  9-6 Inelastic Collisions
  9-7 Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions
  9-8 Center of Mass(CM)
  9-9 Center of Mass and Translational Motion
  9-10 Systems of Variable Mass； Rocket Propulsion
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 10 ROTATIONAL MOTION ABOUT A FIXED AxIs
  10-1 Angular Quantities
  10-2 Kinematic Equations for Uniformly
  Accelerated Rotational Motion
  10-3 Rolling Motion(without slipping)
  10-4 Vector Nature of Angular Quantities
  10-5 Torque
  10-6 Rotational Dynamics； Torque and Rotational Inertia
  10-7 Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics
  10-8 Determining Moments of Inertia
  10-9 Angular Momentum and Its
  Conservation
  10-10 Rotational Kinetic Energy
  10-11 Rotational Plus Translational Motion； Rolling
  10-12 Why Doesa Rolling SphereS low Down?
  SUMMARY
  PROBLEMS
  QUESTIONS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 11 GENERAL ROTATION
  11-1 Vector Cross Product
  11-2 The Torque Vector
  11-3 Angular Momentum of a Particle
  11-4 Angular Momentum and Torque for a System of Particles； General Motion
  11-5 Angular Momentum and Torque for a Rigid Body
  11-6 Rotational Imbalance
  11-7 Conservation of Angular Momentum
  11-8 The Spinning Top
  11-9 Rotating Frames of Reference；Inertial Forces
  11-10 The Coriolis Effect
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 12 OSCILLATIONS
  12-1 Oscillations of a Spring
  12-2 Simple Harmonic Motion
  12-3 Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
  12-4 Simple Harmonic Motion Related to Uniform Circular Motion
  12-5 The Simple Pendulum
  12-6 The Physical Pendulum and the Torsion Pendulum
  12-7 Damped Harmonic Motion
  12-8 Forced Vibrations； Resonance
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 13 WAVE MOTION
  13-1 Characteristics of Wave Motion
  13-2 Wave Types
  13-3 Energy Transported by Waves
  13-4 Mathematical Representation of a Traveling Wave
  13-5 The Wave Equation
  13-6 The Principle of Superposition
  13-7 Reflection and Transmission
  13-8 Interference
  13-9 Standing Waves； Resonance
  13-10 Refraction
  13-11 Diffraction
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 14 SOUND
  14-1 Characteristics of Sound
  14-2 Intensity of Sound； Decibels
  14-3 Interference of SoundWaves；Beats
  14-4 Doppler Effect
  14-5 ShockWaves and the Sonic Boom
  14-6 Applications； Sonar， Ultrasoundand Ultrasound Imaging
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 15 TEMPERATURE AND THE IDEAL GAS LAW
  15-1 Atomic Theory of Matter
  15-2 Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
  15-3 The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature
  15-4 The Ideal Gas Law
  15-5 Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law
  15-6 Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules：Avogadro'sNumber
  15-7 Ideal Gas Temperature Scale—a Standard
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 16 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
  16-1 The Ideal Gas Law and the Molecu lar Interpretation of Temperature
  16-2 Distribution of Molecular Speeds
  16-3 Real Gases and Changes of Phase
  16-4 Vapor Pressure and Humidity
  16-5 Vander Waals Equation of State
  16-6 Mean Free Path
  16-7 Diffusion
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 17 HEAT AND THE FIRST LAw OF THERMODYNAMICS
  17-1 Heat as Energy Transfer
  17-2 Internal Energy
  17-3 Specific Heat
  17-4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
  17-5 Applying the First Law of Thermodynamics； Calculating the Work
  17-6 Molar Specific Heats for Gases， and the Equipartition of Energy
  17-7 Adiabatic Expansion of a Gas
  17-8 Heat Transfer：Conduction，Convection， Radiation
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 18 SECOND LAW OF THERMO D-Y NAMICS
  18-1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics -Introduction
  18-2 Heat Engines
  18-3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes；the Car not Engine
  18-4 Refrigerators， AirConditioners， and Heat Pumps
  18-5 Entropy
  18-6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
  18-7 Order to Disorder
  18-8 Energy Availability； Heat Death
  18-9 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law
  18-10 Thermodynamic Temperature Scale; Absolute Zero， and the Third Law of Thermodynamics
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 19 ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD
  19-1 Static Electricity； Electric Charge and Its Conservation
  19-2 Electric Charge in the Atom
  19-3 Insulators and Conductors
  19-4 Induced Charge； the Electroscope
  19-5 Coulomb'sLaw
  19-6 The Electric Field
  19-7 Electric Field Calculations for Continuous Charge Distributions
  19-8 Field Lines
  19-9 Electric Fields and Conductors
  19-10 Motion of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field
  19-11 Electric Dipoles
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 20 GAUSS'sLAW
  20-1 Electric Flux
  20-2 Gauss'sLaw
  20-3 Applications of Gauss'sLaw
  20-4 Experimental Basis of Gauss's and Coulomb'sLaw
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 21 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
  21-1 Electric Potential and Potential Difference
  21-2 Relation Between Electric Potential and Electric Field
  21-3 Electric Potential Due to Point Charges
  21-4 Potential Due to Any Charge Distribution
  21-5 Equipotential Surfaces
  21-6 Electric Dipoles
  21-7 E Determined from V
  21-8 Electrostatic Potential Energy;the Electron Volt
  21-9 Cathode Ray Tube：TV and Computer Monitors， Oscilloscope
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 22 CAPACITANCE， DIELECTRICS ELECTRIC ENERGY STORAGE
  22-1 Capacitors
  22-2 Determination of Capacitance
  22-3 Capacitors in Series and Parallel
  22-4 Electric Energy Storage
  22-5 Dielectrics
  22-6 Molecular Description of Dielectrics
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 23 ELECTRIC CURRENTS AND RESISTANCE
  23-1 The Electric Battery
  23-2 Electric Current
  23-3 Ohm'sLaw：Resistance and Resistors
  23-4 Resistivity
  23-5 Electric Power
  23-6 Alternating Current
  23-7 Microscopic View of Electric Current：Current Density and Drift Velocity
  23-8 Superconductivity
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 24 DC CIRCUITS
  24-1 EMF and Terminal Voltage
  24-2 Resistors in Series and in Parallel
  24-3 Kirchhoff's Rules
  24-4 Circuits Containing Resistor and Capacitor(RC Circuits)
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 25 MAGNETISM
  25-1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields
  25-2 Electric Currents Produce Magnetism
  25-3 Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field； Definition of B
  25-4 Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field
  25-5 Torque on a Current Loop；Magnetic Dipole Moment
  25-6 Applications：Galvanometer s Motors， Loudspeakers
  25-7 Discovery and Properties of the Electron
  25-8 The Hall Effect
  25-9 The Hall Effect
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 26 SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD
  26-1 Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Wire
  26-2 Force between Two Parallel Wires
  26-3 Operational Definitions of the Ampere and the Coulomb
  26-4 Ampere'sLaw
  26-5 Magnetic Field of a Solenoid and a Toroid
  26-6 Biot-Savart Law
  26-7 Magnetic Materials—Ferromagnetism
  26-8 Electromagnets and Solenoids
  26-9 Magnetic Fields in Magnetic Materials； Hysteresis
  26-10 Para magnetism and Dia magnetism
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 27 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND FARADAY'SLAW
  27-1 Induced EMF
  27-2 Faraday'sLaw of Induction；Lenz'sLaw
  27-3 EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor
  27-4 A Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field
  27-5 Applications of Induction：Sound Systems， Computer Memory， the Seismograph
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 28 INDUCTANCE； AND ELECTRO-MAGNETIC OSCILLATIONS
  28-1 Mutual Inductance
  28-2 Self-Inductance
  28-3 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
  28-4 LR Circuits
  28-5 LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations
  28-6 LC Oscillations with Resistance (LRC Circuit)
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 29 MAXWELL's EQUATIONS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
  29-1 Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields； Ampere'sLaw and Displacement Current
  29-2 Gauss'sLaw for Magnetism
  29-3 Maxwell's Equations
  29-4 Production of Electromagnetic Waves
  29-5 Electromagnetic Waves， and Their Speed， from Maxwell's Equations
  29-6 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
  29-7 Energy in EM Waves； the Poynting Vector
  29-8 Radiation Pressure
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 30 THE WAVE NATURE OF LIGHT；INTERFERENCE
  30-1 Huygens'Principle and Diffraction
  30-2 Huygens'Principle and the Law of Refraction
  30-3 Interference―Young's Double-Slit Experiment
  30-4 Coherence
  30-5 Intensity in the Double-Slit Interference Pattern
  30-6 Interference in Thin Films
  30-7 Michelson Interferometer
  30-8 Luminous Intensity
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 31 DIFFRACTION AND POLARIZATION
  31-1 Diffraction by a SingleS lit
  31-2 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction Pattern
  31-3 Diffraction in the Double-Slit Experiment
  31-4 Limits of Resolution； Circular Apertures
  31-5 Resolution of Telescopes and Microscopes； the A Limit
  31-6 Resolution of the Human Eye and Useful Magnification
  31-7 Diffraction Grating
  31-8 The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy
  31-9 Peak Widths and Resolving Power for a Diffraction Grating
  31-10 X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction
  31-11 Polarization
  31-12 Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 32 SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY
  32-1 Galilean-Newtonian Relativity
  32-2 The Michelson-Morley Experiment
  32-3 Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity
  32-4 Simultaneity
  32-5 Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox
  32-6 Length Contraction
  32-7 Four-Dimensional Space-Time
  32-8 Galilean and Lorentz Transformations
  32-9 Relativistic Momentum and Mass
  32-10 The Ultimate Speed
  32-11 Energy and Mass； E=mc²
  32-12 Doppler Shift for Light
  32-13 The Impact of Special Relativity
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 33 EARLY QUANTUM THEORY AND MODELS OF THE ATOM
  33-1 Planck's Quantum Hypothesis
  33-2 Photon Theory of Light and the Photoelectric Effect
  33-3 Photons and the Compton Effect
  33-4 Photon Interactions； Pair Production
  33-5 Wave-Particle Duality； the Principle of Complementarity
  33-6 Wave Nature of Matter
  33-7 Electron Microscopes
  33-8 Early Models of the Atom
  33-9 Atomic Spectra：Key to the Structure of the Atom
  33-10 The Bohr Model
  33-11 de Broglie's Hypothesis Applied to Atoms
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 34 QUANTUM MECHANICS
  34-1 Quantum Mechanics—A New Theory 793
  34-2 The WaveFunction and Its Interpretation； the Double-Slit Experiment
  34-3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 795
  34-4 Philosophic Implications；Probability Versus Determinism
  34-5 The Schrodinger Equation in One Dimension—Time-Independent Form
  34-6 Time-Dependent Schrodinger Equation
  34-7 Free Particles； Plane Waves and Wave Packets
  34-8 Particle in an Infinitely Deep Square Well Potential(a Rigid Box)
  34-9 Finite Potential Well
  34-10 Tunneling through a Barrier
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 35 QUANTUM MECHANICS OF ATOMS
  35-1 Quantum-Mechanical View of Atoms
  35-2 Hydrogen Atom：Schrodinger Equation and Quantum Numbers
  35-3 Hydrogen Atom WaveFunctions
  35-4 Complex Atoms； the Exclusion Principle
  35-5 The Periodic Table of Elements
  35-6 X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number
  35-7 Magnetic Dipole Moments； Total Angular Momentum
  35-8 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
  35-9 Lasers
  35-10 Holography
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 36 MOLECULES AND SOLIDS
  36-1 Bonding in Molecules
  36-2 Potential-Energy Diagrams for Molecules
  36-3 Weak(vander Waals) Bonds
  36-4 Molecular Spectra
  36-5 Bonding in Solids
  36-6 Free-Electron Theory of Metals
  36-7 Band Theory of Solids
  36-8 Semiconductors and Doping
  36-9 Semiconductor Diodes
  36-10 Transistors and Integrated Circuits
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
  GENERAL PROBLEMS
 37 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIOACTIVITY
  37-1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus
  37-2 Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces
  37-3 Radioactivity
  37-4 Alpha Decay
  37-5 Beta Decay
  37-6 Gamma Decay
  37-7 Conservation of Nucleon Number and Other Conservation Laws
  37-8 Half-Life and Rate of Decay
  37-9 Decay Series
  37-10 Radioactive Dating
  37-11 Detection of Radiation
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
 38 NUCLEAR ENERGY
  38-1 Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements
  38-2 Cross Section
  38-3 Nuclear Fission：Nuclear Reactors
  38-4 Fusion
  SUMMARY
  QUESTIONS
  PROBLEMS
 39 ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
  39-1 High-Energy Particles
  39-2 Particle Accelerators and Detectors
  39-3 Beginnings of Elementary Particle Physics—Particle Exchange
  39-4 Particles and Antiparticles
  39-5 Particle Interactions and Conservation Laws
  39-6 Particle Classification
  39-7 Particle Stability and Resonances
  39-8 Strange Particles
  39-9 Quarks
  39-10 The“Standard Model”：Quantum Chromodynamics(QCD) and the Electroweak Theory
  39-11 Grand Unified Theories
  QUESTIONS
 40 ASTROPHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY
  40-1 Stars and Galaxies
  40-2 Stellar Evolution； the Birth and Death of Stars
  40-3 General Relativity：Gravity and the Curvature of Space
  40-4 The Expanding Universe
  40-5 The Big Bang and the Cosmic Microwave Background
  40-6 The Standard Cosmological Model：The Early History of the Universe
  40-7 The Future of the Universe?
  QUESTIONS
 APPENDICES
  A MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS
  A-1 Quadratic Formula
  A-2 Binomial Expansion
  A-3 Other Expansions
  A-4 Areas and Volumes
  A-5 Plane Geometry
  A-6 Trigonometric Functions and Identities
  A-7 Logarithms
  A-8 Vectors
  B DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS
  B-1 Derivatives：General Rules
  B-2 Derivatives：Particular Functions
  B-3 Indefinite Integrals：General Rules
  B-4 Indefinite Integrals：Particular Functions
  B-5 A few Definite Integrals
  C GRAVITATIONAL FORCE DUE TO A SPHERICAL MASS DISTRIBUTION
 ANSWERS TO PARTS OF PROBLEMS